Shortness of Breath
Causes and What to Do
Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea or breathlessness, is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions. It is characterised by an intense tightening in the chest, difficulty breathing, or a feeling of suffocation. Understanding the potential causes and knowing when to seek medical help is essential for effective management.
Respiratory Conditions
- Asthma:
This chronic condition causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and chest tightness. - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, is often caused by long-term smoking and results in progressively worsening breathlessness. - Pneumonia
An infection of the lungs, pneumonia can cause severe breathlessness, fever, and cough with phlegm.
Cardiovascular Issues
- Heart Failure:
When the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, fluid can build up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath, especially when lying down or exerting oneself. - Pulmonary Embolism:
A blood clot in the lungs can block blood flow and lead to sudden, severe breathlessness, chest pain, and sometimes coughing up blood. This is a medical emergency.
Other Causes
- Anxiety & Panic attacks:
These can cause rapid, shallow breathing and a feeling of being unable to get enough air. - Anemia:
A low red blood cell count can reduce oxygen transport in the body, leading to fatigue and breathlessness. - Obesity:
Excess weight can put pressure on the lungs and diaphragm, making breathing more difficult.
What to Do When Experiencing Shortness of Breath
Immediate Measures
- Stay Calm:
Panic can worsen breathlessness. Try to stay calm and take slow, deep breaths. - Sit Upright:
Sitting upright can help open the airways. Avoid lying down, which can make breathing more difficult. - Use Medication:
If you have asthma or another condition with prescribed medications, use your inhaler or other prescribed treatments as directed.
When to Seek Medical Help:
- Sudden Onset:
Seek immediate medical attention if breathlessness comes on suddenly and is severe. - Associated Symptoms:
If you experience chest pain, fainting, nausea, a bluish tinge to lips or fingers, or a significant change in alertness, call emergency services. - Persistent or Worsening Symptoms:
If your breathlessness persists or worsens over time, consult your GP to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.
